Essay on Working in Groups and Social Loafing - 1810 Words

Social loafing is the effect that people will exert less effort if they are working in a collective environment. Working in groups is an integral part of everyday life because it happens in almost every context whether it is sports teams, organizational groups, project groups and even juries. Therefore it is important to understand the underlying factors that influence this construct. The current research composed of 20 participants, investigated the social loafing effect of two working conditions: Coactive and Collective. It was hypothesized that collective groups would have significantly lower scores than coactive and the results supported this prediction strongly as there was a significant difference between the groups. These results†¦show more content†¦Therefore it is important to understand the factors that motivate or demotivate individuals in those contexts in order to improve the collective outcomes that could generally be critiqued as unreliable or invalid due to t he social loafing effect. Previous studies have indicated that the type of cognitive task performed mediates the effect social loafing. For example in challenging tasks that involved brainstorming or generating an ideas, the work teams had an opportunity to contribute their own unique ideas that made it more likely that they suffered consequences of social loafing (Robbins, 1995). Personal involvement has been said to mediate the effects of social loafing. This is a situation where the subjects have intrinsic value or personal meaning that play an important role in the participants lives (Brickner et al., 1986) As a result, high-involvement subjects produced more favourable thoughts whereas low-involvement did not. Weldon and Gargano (1988) suggested that anonymity is associated with group performance. Basically, the larger the group the more difficult it is to monitor individual performance thus individual efforts are unknown and they are free to loaf without fear of social judgme nt (Weldon Gargano, 1988). Therefore it is consistent to say that although social loafing is expected to occur in most collective tasks, this can be decreased or even eliminated if the group performance is being compared to otherShow MoreRelatedSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations Abstract Social loafing occurs in groups and reduces group effectiveness and productivity. Various literatures on social loafing reviewed suggest that the group size, the identifiably of the participants, the evaluation of their performance, people’s beliefs about their feelings of uniqueness, envy, task difficulty, how people’s beliefs about their Read MoreSocial Loafing Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing A major component of Social Psychological research is based on social loafing. Social loafing can result in diverse possibilities and also not only affects the individual who is conducting the social phenomenon but also group members are subjected to exposure. Discussion regarding the reasons of social loafing as an occurrence will be based primarily on evidence from literature regarding the specific component, envy. Possibilities of outcomes range fromRead MoreThe Term Social Loafing 1543 Words   |  7 Pagesconied the term ‘social loafing’ to describe the idea that people tend to put in less effort when working in groups than when working alone, be it in sports or in academic settings. Now shirking is a term to describe group member who slacks off or avoids working all together based on the fact that he has been put in a group, this essay will try to answer the questions, should shirkers be reported to instructors, and is the group ethically bound to tell the shirker? Is social loafing always shirkingRead MoreSocial Loafing Essay examples1411 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Social Loafing? Social Loafing is something everyone has experienced. Most likely if you do not like group work this is one of the main reasons why. â€Å"Social loading describes the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group. Because all members of the group are pooling their effort to achieve a common goal each member of the group contributes less than they would if they were individually responsible† (Cherry). This challenges the common belief that groupRead MoreAlleviating The Laidback Behavior Of A Loafer761 Words   |  4 Pagesthe laidback behavior of a loafer in a group setting is crucial for shared responsibilities and tasks completion in the group. Also, lack of effort from a group member like Brian can be frustrating and can elicit the sucker effect among partners of a social loafer (Simms Nichols, 2014). Various social loafing studies have examined the antecedents and preventions of social loafing with variables such as the effect of persona l effort, motivation, the group size and expectations (Simms Nichols,Read MoreTaking a Look at Social Loafing1178 Words   |  5 Pagesindependently and where the individuals performance cannot be acknowledged as excellent and important are called as social loafing (Joseph Timothy 2012). Social loafing is the characteristic of individuals in a part of their academic life. It may be seen as a failure to willingly satisfy the duties and commitments to others because of the perception of reduced social pressure. Yet, social loafer or free-rider without exerting effort in a team will gain benefits from the work of others as the outcomeRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Behavior1319 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals always work harder in a group than on their own. Since, while it is undeniable that, by nature, we are social rather than solitary animals and that working in groups has had many advantages to the evolution of our species by allowing us to, for example, increase our safety in th e presence of danger, working in a group does not always guarantee that an individual will be more productive than if they were simply working on their lonesome, or that group work in general is always beneficialRead MoreDealing With Performers and Non-Performers and Performance Management720 Words   |  3 Pageshow persons are likely to perform in groups or teams. According to the theory of social loafing, it is far easier to conceal ones laziness in a group setting than in a setting where ones individual output is being measured. A good example of this is in a game of tug-o-war. When two people are engaged in the match, it is obvious who is the stronger person will be based upon the visible winner, so both people are likely to try very hard to win to avoid social embarrassment. But when there are a largeRead MoreSocial Loafing And Conformity Within Teams746 Words   |  3 Pages Working with other individuals in a group or a team comes very naturally to most people. In Genesis 1:26 God said, â€Å"†¦Let us make mankind in our image and our likeness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We were created to be relational people as a reflection of the relationship God has within the trinity, as well as the relationship He desires with each and every one of us. According to Fischer, there are many benefits from working together. These benefits include, but are not limited to, having more voices or perspectivesRead MoreThe fundamental attribution The fundamental attribution error plays a main part in our everyday700 Words   |  3 Pagesdoing something’.† Social Loafing The mutual problem, when working in a group, is social loafing. â€Å"Social loafing is the inclination for individuals to apply not as much of effort when working together than when working independently. â€Å"The best way to dismay social loafers is bound the group size, holding each responsible for their part, and setting group aims. One of the popular stereotypes about assemblies is that a team work intimates individual energy and increases the groups’ capability to achieve

The Future Of Project Management - 1659 Words

The Future of Project Management Ninderjit Kaur MGMT 391 Embry-riddle Aeronautical University The future of project management Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, and controlling a project to achieve the specific set objectives. The business world of today is speedily increasing and changing. Projects drive business in industries like banking, software development, telecommunication, construction, engineering, manufacturing, architecture, and information technology. Thus to get a quality product as well as maximum profit, a project ought to be well planned and executed (Cleland Ireland, 2006). Most projects have a tight schedule, diminishing resources, tight budget, and time constraint. Therefore, most businesses have understood the need to communicate as well as coordinate work in departments and professions, thus they are practicing project management. For this, project management as a discipline has to adjust to these changes to meet the ever-changing business world. This research paper will discuss the future of project management as a discipline. Project management as a discipline was developed from various fields of application such as defence, construction, and engineering. In the United States of America, Henry Gantt is the project management forefather, called the planning and control techniques father. He is known for his Gantt chart use as a tool of project management. The 1950s marked the start of modernShow MoreRelatedMy Future Career : Project Management782 Words   |  4 PagesMy Future Career in Project Management Project management takes the form of many job positions and roles within a job force. Project management to some, means a person who manages a project. This is a very broad title. Project managers can manage a project that covers a new program release, an implementation of a new method, or the creation of a physical product for a customer. For me, project management is taking a task from start to finish, with the goals of the customer in mind. Three roles thatRead MoreProject Management and Innovation Past and Future4513 Words   |  19 PagesProject Management and Innovation: Past and Future Nikunj M. Prajapati Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India nmprajapati@spitcp.ac.in ABSTRACT Originally developed a way back, in the mid-20th century, project management has become a distinctive way to manage business activities nowadays. Another important development is almost virtually universal recognition of the role of innovation and technology in the corporate change, growth and profitabilityRead MoreProject Management Recommendation For Company s Future Growth1450 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management Recommendation Your name OPS/571 Aug 19, 2013 Faculty Project Management Recommendation Dear Mr. Gritsch, Thank you very much for your confidence in our expertise and competency to analyze newly proposed project for company’s future growth to capture more market share in our specialties. As mentioned in your email note, â€Å"the first project Juniper is an enhancement of a current widget being offered by the company, the second project Palomino is a new line of widget productsRead MoreProject Management : The Accumulated Benefits For My Future Career Essay2011 Words   |  9 Pagesprogram of Mater Science in Project management, the accumulated benefits for my future career, and some valuable advices regarding the personal experience for students who are preparing for enrolling in this program. Career advancement â€Å"Project management is a growing filed used increasingly by businesses of all sizes† (Harbour). In other words, project management occupies a significant position during the development of the company. Without well designed and planned management, any entrepreneurs andRead MoreEssay on Important Factors for Project Success582 Words   |  3 Pages People in top management positions, is a key stakeholders in projects success. Top management can help project managers secure adequate resources, get approval for unique project needs in a timely manner, receive cooperation from people throughout the organization, and learn how to be better leaders. The reason why project success come from the project managers, but there are other important factor that make the project success such as takes careful planning, attention to detail and effective communicationRead More Use of Project Management Software in Business Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Project Management Software in Business Project Management is using the concepts of information technology in businesses to meet the requirements of a particular project. It depends on the process it needs to take to implement a project. The application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques is needed (http://www.asp.org/infoglossary/p). There are 3 main phases of project management, they are planning, scheduling and controlling. How the process is implemented is through differentRead MoreProject Management Tools And Techniques1203 Words   |  5 Pages Project Management Tools and Techniques Stephanie Czechowicz MSc Project Managment Anglia Ruskin University 05/01/2016 Project Management Tools and Techniques A number of techniques are used by the project managers for the success of a project. Any activity or a task that needs some preparation for achieving goals can be done better by the use of methods of project management (chapman, 2002). These methods can help the managers in planning and management of different sort of tasks, especiallyRead MoreManagerial Accounting, Applied to Successful Project Accounting Practices1215 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting, Applied to Successful Project Management Accounting Practices 1.1 Introduction to Managerial Accounting in Project Work Environments This paper provides research and pertinent Managerial Accounting strategies that support the overall financial goals of project management professionals within the context of project management work environments. Many industries rely on project management as an important part of a successful business strategy. Project managers are under extreme pressureRead MoreEssay on Construction Project Management and Business Management925 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction Project Management and Business Management Over the past few years, the construction industry has been changing dramatically. One of the most important stages in the construction management and business management is the planning phase. They share similar two main levels of planning which are the strategic and operational planning. However, business management planning to decide in advance what should be done, and how to do it, when you do and you are done. On the other hand, ConstructionRead MoreAn Evaluation Of Capital Budgeting1137 Words   |  5 Pagesbudgeting will give a concise view of the process management takes to determine the return on a potential investment. After analyzing this concept, the following methods used in making capital budgeting decisions will be discussed: internal rate of return, net present value, and payback period. For each of these three methods, an explanation of the strengths and weaknesses, how they are used, and decisions rules will be given. Capital Budgeting When management of a company is deciding on developing a new

Short Biography on Bill Gates free essay sample

William Henry Bill Gates III (born October 28, 1955)[4] is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the worlds wealthiest people[5] and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. [6] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6. 4 percent of the common stock. 7] He has also authored or co-authored several books. Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts. [8][9] In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of mone y to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Biography on Bill Gates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect, and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy officer. Gates last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.

Thoreaus Life without Principle Summary and Analysis

Introduction: the Main Themes of Life without Principle Life without Principle is one of the most remarkable short works by an American author and critic Henry David Thoreau. The essay was published in 1863, 15 years after the famous Civil Disobedience. In summary, Life without Principle and other Thoreau’s books influenced many people of different ages and social statuses. Political leaders found his works educative and used quotes from Life without Principle in their practice. Ordinary people, in their turn, found the message of the text very personal and compelling. That is why it was not a surprise that Thoreau’s essay was recognized as a work that offered a program to be taken by every righteous person. One can not reduce the summary of Life without Principle to one topic. It is rather a list of themes and thoughts illustrated by real-life examples. Through the latter, the character and personal experience of the writer are revealed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thoreau’s Life without Principle: Summary and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though it is hard to define one concrete thesis of Henry David Thoreau’s Life without Principle, the point that this thesis somehow connected to money and its power in the world is evident. â€Å"This world is a place of business† (Thoreau 4) is one of the leading phrases in Life without Principle that depicts a true nature of H.D.Thoreau’s ideas and attempts; this message of Life without Principle is considered to be the central fact that is proved throughout the whole text by means of examples, which fulfill our everyday life. In this essay, I make an analysis of Life without Principle. Main Message of Life without Principle Thoreau is the author who does not want to stop on one message and develop it during the whole paper. That is why what he chooses for his Life without Principles is compelli ng and captivating. He presents one major theme of Life without Principle, defining the world as the place of business and tries to prove the chosen position by a variety of examples. He argues about the values and goals of people, who are eager to develop commerce and support the ideas of globalization without taking into consideration the fact that people themselves become victims of personal desires. He raises one of the most provocative analyzation questions that influence our lives considerably and tries to conclude whether all those costs, both financial and spiritual, are worthy of the profits. The purpose of the essay is to show its reader the way of how money rules this world. From the very beginning, the author correctly defines his positions with respect to the reader and admits that he does not want to â€Å"talk about people a thousand miles off, but come as near home† as possible (Thoreau 2). Such concretization makes the reader believe that his purposes are pur e and definite. He writes to help, open the reader’s eyes, and show how wrong or useless human attempts can be. This is the major theme of Life without Principle. His purpose is to characterize the way how materialism and commercialism enslave American society, to show how the Good Life should look like, and to teach the reader to analyze personal attitude to lives, where money and prosperity may lose their powers and impact on people. He wants to show how elusive human demands can be, admitting that â€Å"the ways by which you may get the money almost without exception lead downward† (Henry David Thoreau, Life without Principle, 8). The target audience of the essay cannot be framed. One of the most peculiar features of Life without Principle is that there is no concretization concerning who is intended to be the reader of this essay.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore It may be an unfortunate debtor who â€Å"goes to church to take account of stock† or men, who are â€Å"so well employed,† or a â€Å"gold-digger† with his passion for gambling, etc. (Thoreau 13, 10, 19). In other words, this essay may become somewhat helpful for those who somehow deal with money, and these are all people in the world. The author admits that people become dependent on money unintentionally. The writer â€Å"cannot easily buy a blank-book to write thoughts in† because everything is â€Å"ruled for dollars and cents† (Henry David Thoreau 4). Maybe, it is safe and more effective not to define the target audience at once and provide every reader with a chance to discover whether this source is exciting and helpful for him/her. The uniqueness of this essay is the author’s impartiality to the reader and unbelievable focus on the topic. The purpose of the essay is achieved through a close connection to the reader’s de mands. After reading this essay, a powerful desire to re-evaluate personal life and place in this world appears. In my opinion, this is the desired effect expected from the paper. When the reader accepts the author’s point of view and finds that these ideas are appropriate for this life, the primary purpose of any essay is achieved. In Life without Principle, Thoreau’s goal is to show how considerable and influential the power of money can be, and how people limit their opportunities. One debtor may read this essay and comprehends that his troubles and his challenges mean nothing in comparison to his spiritual life and his attitude to life. This is why it is possible to say that the author’s choice to use real-life examples and personal experience in this work is wholly justified. Even more, it becomes an effective means to achieve the essential purpose and convict the reader. The effectiveness of the essay lies deep into the author’s demands. I genuinely believe that one of the first steps that need to be taken by any author is to believe in personal ideas and thoughts. The chosen argument is perfectly argued because the author uses as many different things as possible to show when his ideas are likely to rely upon. He not only teaches the reader but also explains why these lessons are essential. His powerful examples that are so close to our everyday routines cannot but impress the reader. â€Å"If a man walk in the woods for love of them half of each day, he is in danger of being regarded as a loafer, but if he spends his whole day as a speculator, shearing off those woods and making earth bald before her time, he is esteemed an industrious and enterprising citizen.† (Thoreau 6). This citation would probably be the best summary of Life without Principle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thoreau’s Life without Principle: Summary and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pag e Learn More Thoreau’s Life without Principle: Conclusion This paper aimed to make an analysis of Life without Principle by Henry David Thoreau. This is one of the great writings offered by the author. The essay reviews the main idea of Life without Principle. Quotes and excerpts from the text are used as illustrations.The messages of the work by Thoreau are touching and educative, helpful and frustrating, amazing, and sometimes evident. Due to such doubtful nature, many readers can find the book interesting under their demands. Everyone knows that he/she lives in a world that is too dependable on money because each citizen is a voluntary participant in this pursuit for profit. The effectiveness of the essay under discussion lies in its connection to everyday problems and human desires: people want to become smart and prudent in their activities, but their attention and passion make them so blind and stupid, and, what is more frustrating, dependent on their pro duct, money. Works Cited Thoreau, Henry, D. Life without Principle. 2010. Web. This essay on Thoreau’s Life without Principle was written and submitted by user Johanna Raymond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.